Treatment of Industrial Water by Nano Technology

Nanotechnology: It is one of the modern scientific achievements where nanotechnology is available, namely the engineering and art of nano scale material treatment (100 nanometers. The ability to manufacture new Nano materials used to treat surface water, groundwater and industrial wastewater contaminated with toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic substances as well as microorganisms. In this research, we discussed the use of Nano materials, or nearby, to remove the dissolved oil pollutants from the industrial wastewater of the South Refinery Company, where we used multitubes of carbon nanotubes. The function of the tubes can be described as a particle filter, Hold large particles of contaminants that are difficult to pass through the tube tunnel). We also used activated carbon powder and carbon filters near pore nanoparticles Keyword activated carbon, carbon Nano tubes multi, industrial waste water


The theoretical part:
The concept of nanotechnology: The concept of nanotechnology is based on the fact that particles of less than 100 nanometers (nanometers, a thousandth of a millionth of a meter) give material in which new properties and behaviors are introduced. This is because these particles (which are smaller than the characteristic lengths associated with certain phenomena) exhibit new physical and chemical concepts, leading to new behavior based on particle size. For example, the electronic structure, conductivity, efficiency, melting point, and mechanical properties of the material are all changed when the particle size is less than a critical value of size (8).

Hydrocarbon Substances:
Hydrocarbons form the largest percentage of pollutants present in wastewater from petroleum industries. Some other compounds are added: sulfonic acid, sulfuric compounds, and sodium salts. 1) Extremely high polarity compounds: organic acids are very high polarity compounds because they contain one or more polar carboxyl groups (each carboxyl group can form two hydrogen bonds with a carboxylic group of a nearby molecule).
2) High polarity compounds: such as alcohols Because they contain one or more polar hydroxyl (OH) groups, each hydroxyl group can form one hydrogenate with a hydroxyl group of a neighboring molecule 3) Polar compounds: such as esters, aldehydes, and ketones For carbon atom bonding with oxygen atoms with high electrolysis, aldehydes can form hydrogen bonds to bind the carbonyl group to hydrogen atoms so that the aldehyde grades are higher than those of ketones 4) weak polycarbonate compounds such as primary and secondary amines because they are monoclonal compounds containing H that are linked to N other than thiocyclic acid, which enables them to make hydrogen bonds between them (nitrogen is less electrolytic than oxygen) and is

No.19 Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies
(JPR&S) E 167 therefore followed by aldehydes and ketones in terms of elevation in boiling points . 5) Very weak polarity compounds: Ethers are weak polycrystalline compounds, so they follow the primary and secondary amines in terms of high boiling points. The triglycerides are less polar than the ethers because the N-C is less than the O-C. 6) Non-polarity compounds: such as alkyl halide, interferon canals and branching kernels (9).

Objective of the research
Disposal of hydrocarbons in industrial water to preserve the environment and try to utilize, recycling and use treated water.

Experimental
The work has been done in two parts, as described below

1) Part I:
A preliminary laboratory system was developed to investigate the effectiveness of activated charcoal on the removal of organic materials for laboratory-prepared water samples, which are a mixture of normal water, oily, engine oil, dissolved bromo crystalline dye, and ethanol alcohol.
Where a local flow system has been brought available in the local markets and converted to a system consisting of three filters linked to each other and linked by an electric developer to withdraw water and the filters are manufactured as follows: The filter contains Sand (Sand) where the sand is placed in a plastic container and sealed with a cotton piece on both sides. The table (1) shows the results obtained from the analysis ) Sieving analysis by particle size) for sand used. Then put the filter inside the system so that the flow of fluids and enter from the bottom of the filter and graduated from the top and shape (7 )  The second filter contains the coarse activated charcoal in the form of a cylinder and a series of tests are carried out in the third chapter. It is placed in the system so that the fluid enters the outer wall to the inner wall and the shape (8) shows the shape of the filter.The third filter contains activated carbon packed in a plastic container and closed with a piece of cotton on both sides. A group of tests were carried out at the Technological University of the Nanotechnology Department, as explained in  The filters were connected together and connected with a pull system consisting of a glass container and an electric pull-out model. Figure ( second filter works to rid the water of the particles with the smaller molecular sizes and the suspended fatty materials. The third filter works to filter the water from the dissolved organic matter such as the bromochrysol and insoluble organic matter the engine).

Fig. (10) Primary Separation System
The TOC test which the ratio of hydrocarbons in the model to samples of water inside and outside, and the results of the test.
TOC: -Total organic compound

2) Part II
The work of another local system and laboratory manufacturing This system consists of two parts:

Fig. (11) Shows the sand column
The second column is a 25 cm steel stile, 22 mm diameter and 25mm outer diameter. It contains carbon activated carbon. Activated carbon has been mixed with glass granules to facilitate the flow of water through it, placing it in the column and sealing it from top and bottom with glass wool. A piece of stainless steel buckles and connected by plastic pipes with the first column on the one hand and on the other hand connects with a source of hot nitrogen gas by copper pipes and three-port valves. The column is rotated with an electric filter for the purpose of heating.
The second column was filled with active carbon and several experiments were performed on it. It was then replaced with carbon nanotubes CNT. The tests were carried out on the water inside and outside the system using active carbon and CNT.
The first and second sections are connected to each other respectively, where the resulting water is taken after the skimming process and driven by a water pump to the second section to get rid of the rest of the organic contaminants. Figure (12) shows the scheme of the system design. Figure (13 showed a sample of carbon activated with different dimensions (10μm, 5μm, 2μm) Respectively.

Table (3) Results of tests conducted on coarse activated charcoal
To find out the effectiveness of activated charcoal on the removal of organic materials for samples of water prepared laboratory, which is a mixture of ordinary water and oily and engine oil and the dye of bromocrizol dissolved and ethanol alcohol. TOC means the ratio of hydrocarbons in the model to samples of water inside and outside the system. The results of the test are shown from the system. The TOC value of water inside the system was 200 ppm.  It is noted that active carbon has the ability to remove organic compounds mixed with water, whether soluble or insoluble. The highest removal rate was in low flow velocity due to the time required for the absorption process.

Working on industrial water
Several modifications were made to the initial system to improve the efficiency of active carbon to remove and study organic materials more precisely. The columns of suitable dimensions were used to calculate the exact amount of active carbon and the method of introducing fluids into the system from the clouds to the batch was replaced. The final system takes into consideration the steps of reactivation and all other variables. The work on the final system includes two parts, the part of removing the non-polar organic matter (non-soluble) by the process of drilling and skimming depending on the difference in density between water and organic matter. This part removes a large amount of organic matter from industrial water before it passes on the active carbon column.
The second part is the removal of polar organic compounds (dissolved in water) by passing on activated carbon or CNT. It has brought samples of industrial water in the South Refineries Company so that this water comes from more than one source. It comes from heavy water, rain water and the following water from RO units and water coming out of the ion exchanger unit. This water was only mechanically insulated so that the contaminated water reaches (500 m3 / h) and the proportion of salts (TDS) to 18 thousand and then go this polluted water to Khorabad Allah. Several tests were carried out on the industrial waters of the South Refineries Company. This industrial water was examined. Table ( microscopic image of water model after skimming

Treatment of industrial water using activated carbon
The use of the final system, where the column fill material carbon activated, the most important modification or development that has been work done in order to speed up the flow through the material active carbon has been added percentages of equal-grained glass, and in this way has been to overcome the accumulation of material active carbon as a result of Flow pressure as well as eliminate dead areas that can pass through the water without prejudice to active carbon, The pass the industrial water retrieved from the South Refineries Company on the system at a constant speed (20 ml / min), and conducted several tests on extra water table (6) shows the results of the examination TOC on the outside water from the system for different periods of time, and the table (7) shows the results of other laboratory tests carried out on the outside water. From the results obtained for the TOC test, we note that the part of the system for cavitation using a stream of air and surface skimming has reduced the proportion of organic matter from 13.27 ppm to 11.63 ppm. When water is emitted on the sand column (plankton removal), the active carbon column has reduced the concentration of organic matter To 3.2 ppm and then increase concentration until it reaches a constant level almost after the flow of water at constant speed for long periods of time. The obtained results show that the concentration of many substances has been significantly reduced as a result of treatment with active carbon water. The concentration of chloride, sulphate, hydrogen sulphide and magnesium has decreased, as has the value of TDS and TSS.

Treatment of industrial water using CNT
After studying the effectiveness of active carbon on the removal of organic pollutants, the substance (MCNT).
Multi wall carbon Nano tube where the final system and the mobilization of the column was used with CNT material, in order to accelerate the flow through the CNT material and ensure that the material is not overcrowded due to runoff pressure and disposal of dead areas passing through the liquid without prejudice to the material was added equal percentages of glass granules to CNT, Table  13-18 nm OD 10

X-Ray Diffract meter
The carbon nanotube model is examined by X-Ray Diffract meter and is used to diagnose the composition properties of solids only and is not used to examine liquids and wet materials.

Inspection of FTIR
The FTIR test was conducted to determine the active aggregates present in a CNT model and Figure (22) showing the FTIR diagram of CNT.

Fig. (22) Shows the FTIR diagram of CNT
The results of the TOC test on the water outside the system for different periods of time were shown in Table (9).  CNT has been shown to have a higher efficiency in the removal of organic matter in the same variables, so the flow velocity has been increased in order to determine the efficiency of the material in high flow velocity and table (11).

Column Capacity
The CNT materials showed their high ability to remove organic matter from industrial water and for long periods of time. In order to know the capacity of the column (the material's ability to absorb the largest amount of material) we attended a model of ordinary water and we added (0.5 g of Bromocresol green) 1000 ml distilled water ie 500 ppm prepared. The concentration of water recorded on the system was measured at 10 ml / min. We examined the concentration of bromocresol green in the UV-VIS system on the water outside the system as evidence of organic matter concentration (instead of TOC).   (12) that Bromcresol started to appear in the water exiting the system after 180 minutes, after 1,800 ml of prepared water, ie CNT absorbed 900 ppm of organic matter. The weight of the CNT material in the column is 5 g, ie the column capacity is 900 mg / g

Reactivation of Carbon Nano tube:
Reactivation of CNT is one of the important steps to reuse it as it was reactivated in two phases The first phase (Pack wash): Passing hot water to the system at 90 °C as the first step to extract organic matter from CNT. The sample was examined and it was noted that it contained 92 ppm of organic matter, i.e., higher than the concentration of organic matter in the industrial water entering about seven times.
Phase II (Heating) : The activation of the CNT material was completed using high temperature heating. The column containing the CNT was wrapped with a heating coil and the column was connected to a source of hot nitrogen gas to expel the oxygen to avoid oxidation of the material during heating. Pass the hot nitrogen gas on the column and heat the column to 380 ° C for 20 minutes until no vapors are visible from the column. Figure (23) illustrates the second step of reactivation using heating. In addition, a sample of CNT was taken and examined with FTIR to detect changes. No other effective group was observed compared with the FTIR test prior to use.

Conclusions:
Waste water (contaminated water) is defined as any water contaminated with organic or bacterial contaminants or as fine containers whether from an industrial source or sewage. Industrial wastewater treatment includes primary treatment, secondary treatment and triple treatment: to remove the remaining hydrocarbon from the floating organic matter (oil), followed by the process of removing hydrocarbons dissolved in water or emulsion. The nanotubes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and activated carbon powder were used here after modulating or developing the flow method through the systems containing these substances. The most important conclusions can be summarized as follows: 1. Active carbon solubility removes organic matter from industrial water and maintains its concentration to lower levels where active coal is at low flow velocity.
2. Nano materials are characterized by very high properties such as the size of the surface area and the height of the ionic property and the ease of modification of its surfaces chemically.
3. Carbon nanotubes have been shown to have high properties of adsorption of water-soluble substances and hydrocarbons at high flow velocity. 4. The use of nanoparticles directly in the systems is impossible because the nanoparticles will be a barrier to prevent the passage of water through them. In order to avoid this problem, the nanoparticle was placed in a cylindrical bag and then the bag was made in a snail to facilitate the passage of water through it. The water will be applied through the outer part of the bag containing the nuclear material, so the contact area will be low and thus the effectiveness will be low. This was the most successful solution to this problem. The development of the work was by mixing volumes of nanoparticles into certain sizes of glass beads. Flux Direct water research through Nano materials where the conclusion was that the effectiveness of Nano materials was very large in the removal of total organic compounds (TOC) and by removal of up to 100%. 5. High capacitance of CNT to absorb organic matter as well as some element ions 6. The possibility of re-efficiency of Nano materials and their removal from hydrocarbons absorbed by hot pure nitrogen and heating the outer wall of the metal container containing nanoparticles and