Implement cleaner production system to ensure clean oil environment ( Field study in Basrah Oil Company / Al-Burgesia Operations association )

The research aims to detect the possibility of implementing the Cleaner Production System in the Iraqi Oil Company. Basra Petroleum Company was chosen as a field of study. The check list was distributed to Intended sample of the operation and environment engineers in the AlBargesia Operations association. The research reached a number of results. The weakness of the technical and administrative staff in the company to understand the concepts and practices of cleaner production and clean techniques and how to use them.


No.20 Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies
(JPR&S) 251 approach-based prevention is resistant to change. Another barrier involves preconceptions about the amount of investment and potential unknown risks, Despite these and other challenges, cleaner production is making progress,) [5] noted the development of process integration technology design tools aimed at reducing the operational and capital costs of chemical processes. The main focus of these tools was to identify energy conservation processes and practical waste reduction designs, And these tools have been successfully used for solutions to a large number of design problems, [6] explained that the application of cleaner production technologies and practices enables the production industry to reduce pollution and better manage the risks of pollution from waste and other byproducts, as well as helping to address other environmental issues including avoiding emissions and making a positive contribution In sustainable development in general, [7] presented the European Community's definition of clean technologies as the main objective of proactive strategies: describing them as any technical measures taken in various industries to reduce or eliminate any source of pollution or waste production, as well as assistance in the conservation of raw materials and natural resources, and Energy.
From the presentation of the previous studies, it is concluded that: Cleaner production concepts and technologies have become the focus of the departments of productive organizations seeking to ensure a cleaner and safer environment.
The use of cleaner production technologies contributes to the elimination of waste and various types of waste , from inputs and energy to processes and products, thus saving costs and supporting sustainable economic development.
This led many productive companies to develop policies and adopt projects that work to eliminate the causes of environmental damage, and ensure the achievement of the green environment.
The concepts and objectives of cleaner production from disposal of environmental damage have tended to avoid environmental damage.
Responding to the aspirations of the community to enjoy a green environment free from pollution of various kinds.
In the oil operations environment, which has become a major source of pollution, cleaner

No.20 Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies
(JPR&S) 252 production technologies and strategies have become more needed.
Despite the attention to the applications of cleaner production technologies and strategies in the oil industry, it sometimes faces the risk of investing in such technologies, and the fear of the emergence of some of the practices of resistance to change.

Second: Methodological Framework
Purpose: To search for the possibility of implementing the cleaner production system in the environment of the Iraqi oil company in order to achieve a green oil environment (clean free from various kinds of pollution).
The problem: Pollution control and improving environmental performance have become important issues facing the productive companies in general and the oil companies in particular, which led the administration to search for the best and cheapest methods to get rid of various kinds of pollution and environmental damage. Studies at the international level confirmed the positive and effective role of the Cleaner production system and clean technologies In this topic, the research summarized its problem by the following question: Is it possible to implement a cleaner production system in the environment of the Iraqi oil company?
Objectives : -Improving the environmental performance of the Iraqi oil company based on the implementation of cleaner production system.
-Detection of obstacles and difficulties in the implementation process.
-Detection of the possibilities that help to implement the system easier situation in the Iraqi company.
-Disclosure of the difference between clean technologies and cleaner production system. Importance: -Scientific: directing the oil professional departments to pursue developments in the field of environment prevention. Method and Methodology of the Study: The research followed the deductive approach in the theoretical aspect and the case study methodology on the field side, using the data collection under the list of the Profiting from Cleaner Production Checklists for Action.
The second topic: the theoretical approach to research.
The concept of cleaner production and its benefits: Pollution prevention is generally the fourth stage in the development of environmental management strategies (following the strategies of pollution disposal, control and recycling). Cleaner production has exceeded previous strategies by preventing and / or minimizing the generation of wastes and pollutants. Cleaner production preceded the sustainable development strategy, which emerged as an environmental management strategy, but can no longer be considered a purely environmental strategy, given its emphasis on integration rather than the balance between the goals of economic growth, social justice, environmental protection and resource [8], Cleaner production describes the transition between pollution prevention and sustainable development. Has gone beyond the concept of pollution prevention by explicitly retaining materials, energy and other natural resources, and by enhancing the value-added aspect of operations. It is not a concept of sustainable development, because it is not explicitly aimed at integrating social justice objectives). [9] Cleaner production can be considered as a common denominator of the most frequently used preventive approaches. Old prevention approaches focused on waste minimization, pollution reduction and the use of toxic substances, but all tended to focus on one main environmental impact (hazardous wastes, toxic substances or pollution, respectively). Figure ( The concept of cleaner production for the manufacturing industry began in the mid 1970's in response to the increasing complexity and rigor of environmental requirements. The world's leading manufacturing companies, especially those based in the United States, have begun to critically evaluate their approach to environmental issues. The concepts of "pollution prevention", "minimizing waste" and addressing challenges through the clarity of the most economical and more environmentally efficient means [11], defined the definitions of Cleaner Production from multiple views. The environmental point of view: (The continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment), and the perspective of production processes : Cleaner production (including conservation of raw materials and energy, elimination of toxic raw materials, Emissions and waste before it leaves the process), This means: That cleaner production extends beyond technical methods, expressing a comprehensive integrated vision that is not isolated or focused on only one aspect of the problem but rather emphasizes the continuity of work according to the best, and also focus on the social environment that contributes to generating the demand for this product, [12]

Fig. (2) Cleaner Production Definition
From the above diagram, four approaches to the definition of cleaner production are: • Proactive approach: Potential Processing must prove that any substance or activity should not have harmful effects.
• Preventive approach: prevention of pollution from the source and not after the occurrence of pollution.
• The approach to control through democracy: that workers, consumers and all communities have access to information and participate in the decision-making process.
• Integrated and comprehensive approach: treatment of all materials as well as energy.
Cleaner production aims at increasing efficiency in the use of natural resources (raw materials, energy and water) , reducing waste generation and emissions at source. This can be achieved in different ways. Five preventive practices are the most common [13]: • Replacement of inputs: the use of raw materials and less polluting substances, and the use of complementary processes (such as lubricants and refrigerants) that can provide a longer service.
• Modifications of technology: include, for example, improved process automation, maximizing process performance, re-equipment design, and process replacement.
• Good internal management: includes changes in operational procedures and management, to eliminate waste and emission sources. Examples include spilling prevention, better worker retention and training.
• On-site recycling: means the beneficial use of substances or contaminants resulting from the Company's operations. This can happen through reuse raw of materials, material recovery, or useful use.
The importance of cleaner production is reflected in great importance of environmental policy and management. It provides, in an environmental sense, concrete and long-term technology to remove and / or reduce emissions such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. It therefore plays an important role in addressing global environmental issues such as climate change, acid rain and urban smog. Economically, past experience has shown that the cleaner production program effectively helps to reduce the cost of avoiding environmental damage, and is more successful in addressing environmental damage than other environmental protection programs [14]. Cleaner production depends on the following [15]: • Reduction Waste or Waste disposal : refers to all types of waste, including hazardous waste Solid, liquid, gaseous, and thermal waste, etc., the goal of cleaner production is to completely eliminate waste and exhaust.
• Nonpolluting production: Ideal production processes, under the concept of cleaner production, are conducted in a closed loop down to zero pollutants.
• Energy efficiency: Cleaner production requires the highest levels of energy efficiency, and maintenance. Energy efficiency is determined by the highest share of energy consumed to produce the product, on the other hand, energy conservation refers to the reduction of energy use.

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• Safe and Healthy Work Environment: Cleaner Production seeks to reduce workers' risk in order to make the working environment cleaner, safer and healthier.
• Environmentally sound products: The end product and all marketable secondary products should be environmentally appropriate as far as possible. Health and environmental factors must be addressed in or through use and disposal.
• Environmentally sound packaging: The packaging and packaging of the product should be minimized where possible. Although packaging is necessary to protect the product in order to market it.
Cleaner production benefits: The use of cleaner production has multiple benefits, organized according to the following: Economic benefits: [16] -Reduction of expenditure on inputs, energy and water materials: cleaner production options can reduce the consumption of materials, energy and / or water per unit of produced products, thus saving the costs of these natural resources; -Reducing expenses on waste treatment (water): The quantity and load of waste is reduced from the different process streams, (Including solid waste, sewage and air emissions), thereby reducing waste treatment, waste disposal and emissions; -Increasing production revenues: Cleaner production often increases the efficiency of production processes, resulting in higher production levels and thus increased revenues.
-Best quality of products: The application of cleaner production system improves the levels of all production processes, which in turn increases the overall quality of the product The following are the benefits of cleaner production: [17].

Second:
cleaner production strategies and technologies and the obstacles to its implementation: Cleaner production is a tool for the pollution prevention strategy that combines emission reduction and energy regeneration, an ongoing process involving technical factors as well as attitudes, incentives and other non-technical factors that companies use to improve industry performance of Environmental production cycles.

1-Cleaner production technologies:
Various and diverse classifications of cleaner production technologies have been received as : Classification of [18] : Four types of technologies classified according to their general characteristics are: • Business-based technologies: advanced production systems, improved production and / or efficiency, improved competitiveness and reduced costs. These technologies improve environmental efficiency in the context of improved overall performance and are of high utility.
• Clean technologies: fairly sophisticated production systems, developed and adopted for fundamental purpose of improving environmental performance.
• Appropriate technologies: Simple production systems that improve environmental performance, but are primarily employed for economic development.

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• Low-yield technologies: simple production systems that modify existing systems to improve environmental performance (heat recovery / recycling of waste using special furnaces in aluminum smelters). [19] classification: four types of clean technologies: • Replacement technologies and savings in inputs.
• Pollution prevention and control technologies: to integrate the production process with new technology or a new type of equipment that makes it possible to reduce or treat pollutant emissions.
• Internal recovery or recycling in the recovery, recycling or refurbishment of raw materials and / or materials, thereby reducing the pollutant emissions of the production process; • Clean and new radical process: It means choosing a new and clean process involving radical innovations, and contributing to the full adjustment of the production process.
Cleaner production technologies have also been classified into the following : • auxiliary technology: which include all technologies supporting the monitoring and control of the existing production process and all logistics and technological infrastructure.
• End-of-pipe technology: which can be defined as all technologies added at the end of existing processes to reduce the amount of environmentally harmful emissions.
• Internal process technology for production: which includes improvement and application of existing technology, and changes within the practical devices are integrated from the current production steps. as well as the conservation of raw materials, natural resources, energy, Clean techniques in processes and products make it possible to avoid or reduce emissions of pollutants from the source, as well as the use of raw materials, natural resources and energy. These technologies provide technological solutions that are likely to achieve environmental conservation on the long term . And the reduction of pollution produced during the production process from the source, these technologies integrate environmental issues into the entire production process, [20,21], these technologies indicated to proactive approach to pollution prevention that contributes to sustainable production capacities when ecosystems and economies are unbalanced.
Group II: End-of-pipe technologies: -Also called clean technologies [22] have introduced the definition of end-of-pipe technologies: (end-of-pipe technologies) As add-on technologies that enable subsequent control of pollution, technologies that address pollution or environmental damage in part of the production process or in one of the sub-processes, and aim to prevent environmental damage after it occurs. Several authors referred to the conservative role of endof-technology, has coincided with the reorientation The strategy towards less polluting species of processes. At the end of the production process, treatment technologies are another pattern of the old way of reducing waste, because they assume that waste can be separated from the production process . The cleaner production system has characteristics that distinguish it from other clean technologies, including: 1-Preserving raw materials.

2-Optimization of production processes.
3the rational use of raw materials.

4-
The rational use of energy.

5-
The rational use of waste.
6-Disposal of waste that is unavoidable or recycled.

7-Accident prevention.
8-Risk management to prevent major pollution.
9-Restore sites after stopping activities.

2-Cleaner production strategies:
The successful application of a cleaner production system in enterprises depends on property management, maintenance, adequate infrastructure and training of people. The transfer of cleaner production practices should be achieved by: • Technological capacity: Ability to adapt to clean technologies.
• Training capacity: the ability to train and educate cleaner production ideas for different groups of people.
• Institutional capacity: the ability to communicate and collaborate among different stakeholders.
• Government capacity: the ability to develop and implement policies in various policy areas.
Technological capacity is one of the most important ways to apply cleaner production.
Environmental technology is usually associated with the design and analysis of complex and integrated management systems and sustainable development (Figure 4) [23,24].

Fig. (4) Hierarchy of environmental problebs solution (19-21)
Environmental strategies: They guide and lead the cleaner production system towards areas that -Cleaning strategies: means the adoption of methods and practices that reduce the pollution caused by the operation of the production systems by: the separation of waste, and prevent the leakage of materials, scheduling production, and good hygiene of the workplace and equipment.
-Recycling strategies: strategies that address byproducts by converting them to others that are usable in other areas.
-Cleaner production strategies: technical measures taken in various industries to reduce or eliminate pollution and waste from the source at production, as well as the retention of raw materials, natural resources and energy.

Fig. (5) Cleaner production strategies
Reactive environmental strategies: strategies that address some of the environmental damage resulting from processes, and each case (mitigation, cleaning, recycling) is often summarized under the heading "Treatment strategies at the end" production line (end-of-pipe strategies).

3-Obstacles to implementing cleaner production:
Given the fundamental changes in the management perspective and culture as a result of the facts of development and the great concern for the environment and the requirements of its cleanliness and safety, the trend towards environmental systems and technologies, including the cleaner production system, may be faced with significant internal barriers to the adoption of production processes and practices Cleaner inside companies. As well as external barriers that may limit the Company's ability to change to work in accordance with the cleaner production system, in the light of its presentation by [25,26,27] The barriers that prevent the implementation of production in companies are generally summarized as follows: (resistance to change, lack of information and experience, lack of integrated internal communications system, lack of potential risk perception, access to clean technologies, system failure Accounting for the containment of benefit and cost accounts, difficulty in accessing external financing, failure to comply with Current legislation of implementation requirements, the possibility that the investment in the adjustment process is not effective for existing companies), yet the human nature of cleaner production system may help to overcome many of these difficulties.

Third:
The role of cleaner production in achieving the green oil environment or (clean and safe) Reducing waste, emissions and reductions in physical inputs and energy are the most important environmental objectives. Sustainable development and technological innovation do not automatically reduce the total environmental burden of industrial production. However, technological innovation is an important factor and appears to play a pivotal role in the initiation of cleaner production over the long term. The environmental improvement of corporate strategy through the application of the cleaner production concept associated with sustainable technologies leads to the production of environmentally friendly products and further strengthens the company's position in the market. Cleaner products must be given a stronger meaning in the future because of the necessary transition to sustainable economy and development. Is a major goal in environmental science and plays a key role in the growth of global economies. Therefore, modern manufacturing companies and oil companies should apply technologies designed to reduce pollution and use limited resources. These technologies tend to improve the global environment and human life. The mission of the Environmental Program is to promote reliable, affordable and secure supply of domestic oil and clean natural gas, through the provision of effective environmental technologies and the promotion of environmental protection during oil and gas production processes, and to facilitate the development and use of environmental regulatory frameworks based on environmental risks, Many cases of emission and leakage, as well as accidental products that may cause various environmental damage, so leave things the same, or the adoption of some simple treatments or that do not meet the purpose may be the cause of the survival of the polluted environment Insecure, the company and the exposure of environmental accountability, However, root remediation of environmental causes using clean technologies and a cleaner production system may result in a clean and safe (green) oil environment that will have economic and social benefits for the company.

Fig. (6) Obstacles
From previous table (1) and the chart in figure (6), emergence of some obstacles to the implementation of cleaner production system, but they are weak and have little impact on the implementation process.   From the table (2) and the previous chart in figure (7), Appearance of Relatively strong in the company in providing methods and requirements for implementing cleaner production system, this need Relatively strong interest to success implement of cleaner production system.

3-Strategies and capacity -building:
Does the use of the cleaner production system need strategies capacity building?    (2) clear knowledge that cleaner production is a human strategy based on the knowledge and skills of those responsible for its implementation.

Conclusions:
The following conclusions are drawn from the presentation and discussion: 1-The need to distinguish between cleaner production (comprehensive treatment of sources of environmental damage) and clean technologies (individual treatment for each case of environmental damage after emergence).

2-
The need to distinguish between end-of-pipe technology and cleaner production techniques.
3-Cleaner production techniques are concerned with preventing environmental damage through the overall production process.
4-More attention to the company with some pollution control practices and in specific places and situations.
5 -The company still needs to provide and control the requirements for comprehensive treatment of environmental damage resulting from oil operations.

6-
The Company's need for a strategic plan to develop the knowledge and skills of the technical staff on avoiding any potential environmental damage.
7weak understanding of the technical and administrative staff in the company concepts and practices of cleaner production and clean techniques and how to use them.
8weak management attention to the company requirements for finance activities that contribute to a clean and safe environment.
9clarity of the desire of the company's management and technical staff to clean the environment and avoid sources of pollution, but it lacks the plans and options required by the implementation process.
10-The attention of the technical and environmental staff in the company activities pollution control after the occurrence and in place.
11-Weakness in some procedures for documentation of environmental activities, especially with respect to the activity evaluation and the costs involved.

12-
The company lacks studies that are concerned with the diagnosis of environmental problems, alternatives to treatment, and criteria for evaluating the alternatives to choose the best

13-
The company lacks the development of strategic plans based on the results of studies to develop comprehensive treatments for the expected effects of the environment.
14-The difficult economic situation in the country is an important constraint in preventing the diversion of domestic sources of financing to environmental pollution prevention strategies.

15-
The company lacks sound studies that help in the diagnosis and precise identification of sources of external financing of modern systems and technologies that contribute to the formation of a green oil environment.