Levels of Mercury in oil companies and relation of them with the other elements for avoid side effect on the extraction and refining operation and environment

For the first time in Iraq, the estimation of the mercury amount in all the establishments of oil mininstry, is stuided in this wrok. It was found that the presence of mercury in the crude oil, theassociated gas, and the associated water as well as in most flare gases. Also, it was observed that the concentration of mercury on the surface of the soil near the flame is increased its concentration in winds of the flame, where most of the days of the year the wind is coming from the north West towards the south-east. The test of mercury has become a global provision to determine its quantity in crude oil and natural gas, which is required the effective ways, led by the Technical Department of the Ministry of Oil to request the petroleum research and development center to determine the amount of mercury in a number of oil companies. This work is proposed by the analytical department of the petroleum research and development center where the cold testing device was imported for the determination of the tiny amount of mercury in gases, liquids and soil and the detection limit in Nano grams. It is the first device operating in the oil sector using for the determination of mercury amount. However, the search results and quantification of mercury, important relationships were identified in terms of the presence of mercury and other crude oil components or tests on No.25(12) 2019 Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies (JPR&S) E2 crude oil. It was found that there is a correlation between the concentration of mercury and the sulfur content in oil. Mercury is a volatile substance either vapor, dust, or sulfuric. Therefore, the oil gas contains a percentage of mercury, over time, formed by the burning of the gas and the pollution of air and the soil surrounding the flame, which constitutes an environmental hazard that must be avoided in the future. In addition, the accompanying water has a significant content of mercury. صلاخلا :ة ش قبئزلا ةيمك ريدقتل ثحب ةيطفنلا تآشنملا مومع و قارعلا يف ىرجي ةرم لولا طنملا يف زاغلا و طفنلا تاكرش لم ق نيت ا و ىطسولا ،زاغلا ةئبعت ةكرش ،طسولا يفاصم ةكرش ،طسولا طفن ةكرش يه ثحبلا اهلمش يتلا تاكرشلا و ةيبونجل نم حضتا و ...ةرصبلا زاغ ةكرش ،بونجلا زاغ ةكرش ،بونجلا يفاصم ةكرش ،بونجلا طفن ةكرش ،ناسيم طفن ةكرش ك و بحاصملا ءاملا و بحاصملا زاغلا و ماخلا طفنلا يف قبئزلا دوجو ثحبلا ةلعشلا تازاغ مظعم يف كلذ flare gas و ةلعشلا نم ةبيرقلا ةبرتلا حطس قوف قبئزلا زيكرت انظحلا و نا ثيح ةلعشلل حايرلا بوبه ةقطنم يف هزيكرت ةدايز يقرشلا بونجلا هاجتاب يبرغلا لامشلا نم ةمداق حايرلا نوكت ةنسلا مايا مظعم . مزلم صحف قبئزلا صحف حبصا دق و قرط داجيا بجوتسي و يعيبطلا زاغلا و ماخلا طفنلا يف هتيمك ديدحتل ايملاع يف قبئزلا ةيمك ديدحتل يطفنلا ريوطتلاو ثحبلا زكرم نم بلطلاب طفنلا ةرازول ةينفلا ةرئادلاب ىدح امم هتلازلا ةلاعف ئادلا يبستنم نم ددع ةقفرب عقاوملا كلت ةرايز مت كلذل و ةيطفنلا عقاوملا نم ددع لبق نم حرتقم ثحبلا نا املع ةينفلا ةر تازاغلا يف ،ةدرابلا ةقيرطلاب قبئزلا صحف زاهج داريتسا مت ثيح يطفنلا ريوطتلا و ثحبلا زكرمل عباتلا ةيليلحتلا مسق ريدقت تاصوحف ءارجلا مدختسي و يطفنلا عاطقلا يف لمعي زاهج لوا وه و مارغونانلاب ةبلصلا داوملا و لئاوسلا و قبئزلا و قبئزلا دوجو ثيح نم ةمهم تاقلاع طبر مت قبئزلا ةيمك ديدحت و ثحبلا جئاتن للاخ نم و عسوملا ثحبلا اذهل ةبسن و قبئزلا زيكرت نيب طبر ةقلاع دوجو نيبت و ماخلا طفنلا ىلع ىرجت يتلا تاصوحفلا وا ماخلا طفنلا تانوكم ةيقب تيربكلا ثيح ةيدرط ةقلاع يه و طفنلا يف ي تحم دادز نوك و كلذك .ماخلا طفنلا يف تيربكلا زيكرتل اعبت قبئزلا ىو نا يطفنلا زاغلا بيصن ناك كلذل يتيربك بكرم لكشب وا رابغ لكشب وا راخب لكشب اما رياطتلا ةلهس ةدام قبئزلا ةلعشلاب طيحملا ءاوهلا و ةبرتلا ثولت زاغلا قرحل ةجيتن و تقولا رورمب لكشت قبئزلا نم ةبسن ىلع يوتحي لكشي امم قبئزلا نم هب ناهتسي لا ىوتحم وذ بحاصملا ءاملا ناف كلذ ىلا ةفاضلااب ... لابقتسم هيفلات بجي ايئيب ارطخ .. دوجولا نإ يأ, تادعملاو صاخشلاا ىلع ةراضو ةيمس تاريثات نم هل امل ةرطخلا داوملا نم قبئزلا ربتعي هيلع يئيب رطاخم ببسي نأ نكمي قبئزلل طيسبلا ةيحصو ة . No.25(12) 2019 Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies (JPR&S) E3

It was found that the presence of mercury in the crude oil, theassociated gas, and the associated water as well as in most flare gases. Also, it was observed that the concentration of mercury on the surface of the soil near the flame is increased its concentration in winds of the flame, where most of the days of the year the wind is coming from the north West towards the south-east.
The test of mercury has become a global provision to determine its quantity in crude oil and natural gas, which is required the effective ways, led by the Technical Department of the Ministry of Oil to request the petroleum research and development center to determine the amount of mercury in a number of oil companies. This work is proposed by the analytical department of the petroleum research and development center where the cold testing device was imported for the determination of the tiny amount of mercury in gases, liquids and soil and the detection limit in Nano grams. It is the first device operating in the oil sector using for the determination of mercury amount. Mercury is a volatile substance either vapor, dust, or sulfuric. Therefore, the oil gas contains a percentage of mercury, over time, formed by the burning of the gas and the pollution of air and the soil surrounding the flame, which constitutes an environmental hazard that must be avoided in the future. In addition, the accompanying water has a significant content of mercury.

Introduction:
There are a number of processes taking place in oil and gas sector such as exploration, extraction of oil and gas, and refining of crude oil.
Oil and gas are extracted from many locations in the world both land and sea. In addition to the exploration, extraction and refining of oil and gas, some analytical studies also consider that the combustion of oil and gas and their consumption in finished products contributes to the release of a wide range of gases, including mercury, and releases it into the air, land and water. Mercury can be produced as a by-product and a solution containing mercury, Mercury is considered a hazardous substance due to its toxic and harmful effects on people and equipment. A few amount of mercury presence can cause environmental and health risks.
Mercury can pose a serious hazard when mixed with minerals, especially aluminum. This can lead to a phenomenon known as liquid metal cracking (LME), which leads to many serious failures in large installations.
Mercury can cause damage to the welds and this leads to the closure of the facility, with serious economic effects. In the worst case, the damage may be completely out of control or the facility will cease to operate permanently in pipelines, cooled components, heat exchangers and hydrogenation catalysts. Therefore, Mercury in natural gas should be 10 micrograms per cubic meter, or less, before processing to prevent damage to heat exchangers and other equipment.
This mercury may become a by-product.
In addition, the tendency of mercury is accumulated in the body and targeted fat tissue or organs, high in fat as blood due to its tendency to dissolve in fat, which leads to the occurrence of symptoms of serious diseases in the nervous system known as crying mercury developed if the dose is high and may lead to the lives of infected person [1].

Theory:
Mercury is a chemical element with the Hg symbol and atomic number 80 in the periodic table, a silvery liquid and the density (13.54 g / cm 3 ), free of lead-like silver in its appearance at -38.9 ° C, boiling at 356.9 ° C, Mercury is one of the most important of these heavy metals. It is a non-common element in nature. The pre-final sequence comes with 16 elements in the list of elements. It is one of the strangest in its properties. It is the only mineral element with liquid strength at its normal temperature and its abilities for evaporation. It is an attractive, silvery color silver known to man for thousands of years. This element is mentioned in Aristotle's writings asa liquid silver.

Mercury properties:
Mercury is a good solvent of some minerals such as gold, silver, platinum, copper, sodium and potassium.
x Physical properties: The element of mercury is characterized by a bright silver color due to its low melting point and high vapor pressure, and weak the inter-bonding forces. Mercury is low viscosity, while it has high electrical resistance. Mercury dissolves in water and in several other solvent such as benzene, hexane, methanol and Rexan. If the mercury liquid is placed on any surface, it may not be wetted because of its high surface tension value as six times of the water surface tension value.
x Chemical properties: There are a number of chemical properties for Mercury shown below: 1-Interacts with all halogens such as chlorine at room temperature.
2-does not interact significantly with oxygen and dry air at room temperature, but this reaction can be activated using ultraviolet light 3-Reacts strongly with ozone gas and gives the mercury oxide compound.
4-Reacts directly to heating with sulfur, selenium and telorium while it does not react with other elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, germanium.  7-Reacts with nitric acid, and does not react significantly with phosphoric acid.

5-
8-Reacts strongly with ammonia solutions in the air.

No.25-(12) 2019 Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies (JPR&S)
E5 9-Mercury salts have been used as catalysts. For example, mercury sulfate is used as a catalyst in the process of oxidation of naphthalene to sulfate and in accelerating the conversion of acetylene to acetaldehyde [2].

Mercury levels in the environment:
Mercury is known to be an environmental pollutant because of its abundant use. The world's oceans contain an estimated total of 50 million tons of this element. Its soil concentrations are between 0.01-0.06 ppm, rising up to 0.09 ppm, its concentration in the air of the world is between 2-5 ng / m 3 , and the dose of 100 mg/person/day can cause symptoms.
Mercury is dispersed in soil and rocks in varying amounts throughout the earth's crust and may also be found in enclosed layers, some of which contains oil and gas reservoirs, where they can be retained and increased. Mercury in crude oil is believed to be a mixture of volatile primary mercury, decomposed in oil and its liquefaction.
Non-volatile species may include suspended particles of mercury sulfide, where HgS, the most common form of mercury, the most stable and high temperature degradation to release the mercury element. This is a challenge for oil transport and sampling. Because of volatile mercury damages pipes and reservoirs, its presence in oil may require preventive measures when handled, stored and handled. Sulfur exposure in the supply chain and the refining process would be critical in the way that volatile mercury behaves [3].

Mercury hazards and environmental damage:
Mercury vapor can be found at the room temperature, especially indoor, poses a health hazard to individuals in laboratories, dental clinics and workplaces where mercury is transported like metal. The inhalation causes poisoning of this mineral poison and its symptoms appear after absorbing it a great deal from this way. The salts of mercury are quickly absorbed from the intestines as well as their irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines. Fish and marine organisms have a special ability to concentrate mercury salts in their bodies from water contaminated with these salts. Their consumption as food is a source of chronic mercury poisoning, which is called by Minamata in Japan [4]. The toxic effect of mercury is explained by one of the following theories: 1-The tendency of mercury to react with the sulfur groups Sulfhydryl syllables Groups, leading to the disruption of the effectiveness of these enzymes.

2-
The binding of mercury to Phosphate Ligands, which leads to the disruption of permeability of living cell membranes.
3-Mercury disable the ability of the thyroid gland to take and absorb the necessary iodine for the body.
4-Mercury prevents our bodies from preparing to represent the zinc element necessary to sustain enzyme activity.
5-Mercury reduces the capacity of anti-toxin liver systems, which increases the harmful effects of these toxins [5].
The advantages of mercury detection and measurement: Monitoring and limiting mercury can be done by: •Improved operating time for operations.
•Maintain property integrity and product quality.
•Increase the volume of recovery.
•Reduce mercury emissions in the environment.

Equipment:
Mercury testing device: The mercury analyzer available in the laboratory is a Zeeman mercury spectrometer (RA-915+), which is used to examine mercury in liquid, solid and gaseous forms by connecting the attached parts as shown in Figure (1).
It is a portable device, highly sensitive and selective in performance to eliminate interference with impurities and multi-functional as it works to detect mercury vapor in the air, water, natural gases, oil derivatives and solids.

Determination of mercury in liquid substances:
Before Determination the mercury in liquid, the sample must be digested. We take 40 mL of the sample and put it in a 50 mL volume flask, add 7.5 mL hydrochloric acid and 1 ml of potassium bromate bromide and complete the volume to the mark. We

Determination of mercury in solids and hydrocarbons:
The calibration curve using different weight ( 0.0, 5,10,50,100 mg) from standard solid material containing (420 ng) is plotted after the atomization process of the material within the Hg by exposing the samples to a temperature of 750-900 °C, we obtain the following results shown in Table (2) and the calibration curve shown in Figure (3). This method is also used to estimate the mercury content in the hydrocarbons material after supported on activated charcoal. Table (2) The weights of standard solid material using to apply the calibration curve. The concentration of mercury in the air and gases is estimated directly because the calibration curve is stored in the device. The main device connects to the instrument for the determination of mercury in the air and gas, which contains a set of filters for air or gas purification and passes through the filter carrying the reduced agent and the same principle operation of the device (mercury atomization process) after that Mercury is estimated in gases.

Results:
The research team apply visits to various sites in companies and fields of the Iraqi oil sector and conduct field tasting and bring samples of soils, sludge and water for laboratory testing and estimate the percentage of mercury in them as well as other tests such as nickel, Vanadium, sulfur estimate and density as shown in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9).

Halfaia station
After the mercury was determinate in the samples from the fields and the oil companies, several other tests were carried out on the same samples as shown in the tables above in order to establish a relationship between the presence of mercury in the crude oil with the other elements such as nickel, vanadium, sulfur and API. For crude oil samples prior without separating and before any treatment, as shown in Table (