Converting Carbon Dioxide in to Methane Gas and Enhance Oil Recovery by using Biotechnology Process

Using biotechnology in petroleum industry has many advantages .for example , Microbiologically Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) increase of the productivity of the oil field and decrease the viscosity of the crude oil . It's known that atmosphere has considerable amount of CO2 gas as a result of industrial activities (crude oil production). CO2 gas plays a role in increasing atmosphere temperature and causing global warming. Bioremediation is a viable Biotechnology function for Re-producing depleted wells and global warming. It means Bioremediation uses metabolic adaptation of microorganism, a promising approach, using this technique employs of Methanogenic bacteria to convert CO2 gas in to CH4. Therefore turns carbon dioxide in to carbon which is added to crude oil (so contribute decrease the viscosity for heavy crude oil, This mechanism is a part of the promotion of oil production.it is apart an operation EOR. and Second reacts with Hydrogen by Bacteria to produce methane gas. The aim study, advantage this method increase production. and removal global warming. In this review, we discuss the role of Methanogenic bacteria in transforming CO2 gas into methane gas , that it has a role in crude oil production . Methanogenic bacteria have an important role in petroleum industry and environment during decreasing CO2 amount in the atmosphere and increasing reservoir pressure. MEOR technology uses strains that have a role in crude oil production; these bacterial strains produce biogases (Methane) that increase reservoir pressure. In this study, six strains were isolated from Rumaila oilfield, south of Iraq. These strains were identified based This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies PISSN: 2220-5381 EISSN: 2710-1096 Open Access No. 34 part 1, March 2022, pp.242-266 243 on microscopic and morphological observations. These strains were Methanogenic bacteria. The main part of this study includes identification of bacteria that can consume CO2 gas and making continual lab experiments to isolate and determine the best genus to do this process in oil field. Experiments were done in specific bio-labs for two years, Methanogenic bacteria strains were isolated by using specific selective growth media. The second part of this study is using these strains for bioremediation process of oil wells, which includes providing anaerobic conditions for these strains to transform CO2 gas to methane . Morphological and microscopic observations were conducted to these strains and showed the best kind of these strains according to the ability of transformation of CO2 to methane. The isolated bacteria were called BRS11 strain showed high efficiency in transformation of CO2 to methane.


Introduction
Integrating CO 2 gas catching and storage technology into oil reservoirs, with biotechnology to return depleted wells to production in an unconventional manner that begins with the injection of CO 2 gas into oil reservoirs to move the remaining oil in the pores by entering the gas into the rocks of oil tanks and leading to chemical and physical reactions that contribute to raising the reservoir pressure [9] and obtaining additional quantities of oil that cannot be released without resorting to this process as in the Figure No. (1), this method is a technique for enhanced oil production EOR, and the main part is the provision of a cost-effective CO 2 gas catching and storage technique that encourages its use to extract more crude oil.

EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery using Carbon Dioxide
One way in which oil production is increased is other than traditional methods, as the injection of CO 2 gas into oil reservoirs leads to the movement of the remaining oil in the pores by entering the reservoir rocks and the occurrence of chemical and physical reactions leading to the promote of reservoir pressure [9] which helps additional quantities of oil that cannot be released without resorting to this process as in the (1). However, the main constraint in providing adequate quantities of CO 2 gas at an acceptable and appropriate cost that encourages its use to extract more oil, the backbone of the economy and its main source, can be provided using carbon-catching techniques.

Motives to bring depleted oil and gas wells back to work by injecting gas CO 2
Oil and gas concentrations are usually found in high permeable and porous rock reservoirs such as limestone rocks and sand rocks, and after reservoir pressure drop, oil production is affected and cannot be extracted from those reservoirs and extraction is stopped, although the reservoir contains good amounts of reserve, the pressure inside the reservoir is raised by using water injection below the reservoir to increase the amount of oil remaining, but in heavy oil reservoirs where the rest of the oil is extracted, the tertiary recovery production is using Recovery thermal methods.
To reduce the viscosity to facilitate its flow or by injecting chemicals to dissolve reservoir rocks, especially carbon or solvents that increase the mixing of chemical compounds. In any case, this process needs more energy, and financially expensive.
Other experiments inject carbon dioxide into the aquifers so that it mixes with oil and reduces the production and push of oil outside the well and the injection must be so high that it helps to mix CO 2 with the remaining oil and take advantage of the physical specifications of carbon dioxide gas as in Table (1).

Table (1) Physical properties of carbon dioxide
*Properties that apply to carbon dioxide CO 2 gas **Properties that apply to liquid carbon dioxide liquid ***Properties that apply to solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) [14] The process coincides with flooding water, where water is injected to restore pressure within the reservoir to the appropriate recovery value. The feasibility of using the enhanced oil extraction process technology using CO 2 is achieved mainly at the API density level, which determines the success of the use of this technique [5]  This is to ensure a good combination of CO 2 and the oil in the reservoir [23]. Therefore, the process of injecting CO 2 gas into oil reservoirs is to prolong the life of the oil fields, especially after the initial extraction and water flooding processes have been exhausted, so it is called the third extraction as in the Figure (3) and was utilization in the early 1960s by the United States. [21] Here is the goal of the research, which is part of tertiary production third extraction method by employing biotechnology bacteria from oil reservoirs to improve crude oil specifications, one of the advantages of which is to increase the intensity (API) and reduce its (Viscosity). Since 1926, bacteria have been used in the chemical engineering industry and the discovery of bacteria from oil wells since 1930 [4] by researchers in the former Soviet Union and countries, France, Japan, China and the United States of America are racing through their scientific centers studies in this field [1]. Therefore, the idea of research is to employ microorganism .In several areas, to achieve (enhanced oil extraction) as an important economic means in the oil industry and not only to convert CO 2 into methane and contribute with global countries to reduce CO 2 emissions and on the principle of clean development mechanism (CDM). It is clear that the research is primarily aimed at restoring depleted oil wells. To take advantage of methane production to improve production because it is lighter than oil and creates a layer above oil called cap gas, which accompanies oil during production and is called associated gas. This increases the reservoir pressure of oil wells and increases production capacity, as in the Figure (2). To address the increasing proportion of CO 2 gas emitted into the atmosphere caused by the combustion of large quantities of fossil fuels, leaving large quantities of CO 2 gas. One of its effects is global warming and climate change, which is a global challenge because of its significant impacts on the environment and biodiversity of nature. In order to catch up with developed countries in the field of biotechnology in various industrial fields. this technology that combines several objectives that unite with biotechnology, which, if applied, has a bright future in our dear country and the world . Increased CO 2 gas from permitted limits results in problems leading to increased air temperature and climate change, and this environmental phenomenon is known as global warming. Scientists of environmental organizations agreed to identify rising temperatures as the most important causes of the climate changes sweeping the globe due to the emission of CO 2 gas, its increase in atmospheric proportions and the multiplicity of its sources, as in Table (2).

Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases consist mainly of carbon dioxide and other gases that are considered to be small in relation to carbon gas, including methane and N 2 O, as well as CFC chlorofluorocarbon gases, and according to greenhouse gas ratios shown In

Phenomena expected as a result of global warming
 Melting ice due to rising temperatures that will lead to the sinking of low-lying islands and coastal cities.
 Increased floods, agricultural disasters and loss of some crops.
 Extreme weather droughts and desertification of large areas of land increase forest fires [13].
 Increase the number and severity of storms and hurricanes (this is evident in the large number of dust storms affecting Iraq's climate.
 The spread of infectious diseases in the world and the extinction of many living organisms.

Special international treaties aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially (CO 2 )
Since the industrial revolution of 1750, CO 2 concentration has increased by 0.35% from 2006 to 378 parts per million [19]. Due to the use of fossil fuels, co2's concentration has increased to a level considered dangerous. Greenhouse gas production as pledged by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 [15] and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5% from 1990 rates, and recommended projects in developing countries based on the principle of technology Development Mechanism Clean.-CDM [11] .This

Capture CO 2
It is a technique for collecting carbon gas from its sources and holding it apart from other associated gases and transporting it to the storage site to isolate it from the atmosphere in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and control their concentration in the atmosphere [12]. CO 2 gas is injected into depleted oil and gas tanks or deep saline formations as in the form of Figure (4), a technique applied in the oil industry [25], and these systems remain limited in reducing carbon dioxide emissions because they require the creation of storage sites with the ability to retain large quantities of gas produced annually and this is extreme The difficulty in maintaining these quantities without full treatment. For the purpose of making use of them, they need to be deployed at energy production sites and the industrial sector, which account for 85% of emissions. [2] ............. Fig. (4

C-Confirmed test Activation of bacterial insulation (pure bacteria):
Part of the isolated colony is taken to produce a new generation taken by a sterile lobe to the center and placed in the device for a period and at an appropriate temperature we will get pure bacteria and to make sure the purity is microscopic and compared to the previous images of it.

The Microscopic Examination of Bactria
The appearance characteristics of bacteria are observed by placing them on a special  Use of dying, Place a drop of Crystal violet dye on the slice containing bacteria for (half a minute) wash the slide with distilled water and then soak the slice with iodine solution for a period (half a minute) and then wash the slide with distilled water and then soak the slice with alcohol Ethanol for (1-2 minutes) and then wash with distilled water and add a drop of Safranin dye for 1-2 minutes and then wash with running water and then perform a painful examination.

Testing the efficiency of methane-producing bacteria:
According to the machine steps: A-Activate the bacteria on a selective medium prepared for methane bacteria with an envelope for the production of CO 2 gas in a closed container (Anaerobic-Jar) to prepare them for examination by conducting from the GC chromatograph to a container valve.
B-Prepare a container with a food center prepared for methane bacteria and provide standard pure CO 2 gas through injections.
C-Preparing a container in a food center without bacteria as a control sample and with an envelope for the production of CO 2 gas. D-Preparation of a nutrient agar container for methane-producing bacteria with an envelope for co 2 gas production for comparison.

Chromatograph gas technology:
Use Agilent Technologies 6890, a thermally insulated separation column (iso thermal hydrocarbon DC200) and helium gas pass as a 30-pound/ing2-pressure carrier gas at a rate of 10 ml/minute on a FID detector. Containers intended for examination are Isolated by methane-producing bacterium (MPB) bacteria, as in Table (5), the growth and density of bacteria for oil field samples was higher than for other sites. Laboratoryprepared selective communities were used to detect bacteria and in two phases the first was the use of a medium that develops all types of methane bacteria and the second selectively to diagnose bacteria Media for Bacteria Film [6] To contain these circles on elements that stimulate the growth of Methanogenic bacteria that contribute to the selection of bacteria from samples and the election of the best of them. Oil sites were higher than the rest because the dietary pattern of methane-producing bacteria is Chemolithotrophic. This pattern enables bacteria to adapt to the oil environment because of enzymes that help consume raw materials such as CO 2 and its methane outputs by metabolic process that consumes electron from its hydrogen molecule and reduces CO 2 to CH 4 in anaerobic conditions [17] and consumes H 2 gas as an electron and a donor of crude oil and the future CO 2 gas to produce methane [14], which gives importance in the use of bacteria in oil reservoirs for their ability to exploit various    The extent to which methane bacteria adapt to surrounding factors varies according to the effect of salinity on the effectiveness of enzymes [8] as increased salinity reduces the have come up with a strain called BRS11 that has the potential to grow and produce methane. In the light of these factors, it is clear to us that bacterial strains vary in metabolic activity and production giving based on these factors described in Table (5) of water models taken from the oil reservoirs in question and the degree of salinity was between (1172-67) This gives the impression that this brs11 bacterial strain isolated from it as its natural habitat is appropriate under the geochemical conditions of these oil reservoirs [6] On this basis, the BRS11 strain was selected for use as a new vital means of controlling gas emissions. CO 2 and contribute to global warming. And its use in the enhanced oil production system (MEOR) and the final result is improved production of depleted wells and the extraction of remaining oil. The injection of CO 2 gas into oil reservoirs in secondary production processes triggers the movement of the remaining oil in the pores through its influence in the pores of the reservoir rocks and the occurrence of chemical and physical reactions that lead to the lifting of reservoir pressure and the acquisition of additional quantities of oil that cannot be released without resorting to this process more than is possible using conventional methods.
There is nothing to hinder the technical application of this technique in various oil fields, but the main constraint lies in the availability of sufficient quantities of this gas at an acceptable economic cost and the use of this method becomes affordable and encourages its use to extract more oil, which is the backbone of the economy and the main source of power generation in the world, so the need to use modern techniques is the methods of catching carbon dioxide. Capture and Storage CO 2 (CCS ( It is a technological process in which carbon dioxide is collected from its industrial production sources and detained by separating it from other associated gases and transporting it to storage sites in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and control their concentration, and co 2 gas catching technology depends on the use of physical or chemical solvents, membranes, solid absorption materials or refrigeration. If the source of this gas is a production plant, this is done after the fuel combustion process. It will be complementary to the biotechnology that leads to the conversion of CO 2 to methane and this has positive results in improving the production process where methane slowly leaks into small pits in nearby porous rocks that act as reservoirs for conservation, and since these rocks are usually filled with water, crude oil and gas being lighter than water and less dense than the surrounding rocks move up. In the end, some of these hydrocarbons, which are transported to the top of the layer, are locked up, not porous (water-impermeable) from the rocks known as Cap Rock ، .Because gas is lighter than crude oil, it creates a layer above crude oil called gas cap, and as a result of melting gas in oil, it improves crude oil specifications, increases production and generates new additional pressure as the main component of the associated gas. The second trend is the use of gas through gas processing units, which are less expensive because they are free of other gas pollutants that require high-cost treatment methods in addition to benefiting from it in various industrial fields such as electricity production, fertilizers and various chemical industries, making the application of these techniques collectively of great economic benefit in the oil industry.

Technical and Economic Feasibility
The application of biotechnology contributes to the support and support of the national economy as the main factor in development and the maintenance and increase of the sustainability of production Economic returns can be limited when using biotechnology as follows: 1. Return of depleted and production-dependent oil wells. The recovery of additional quantities of oil cannot be released by the usual methods of depleted wells and added to production from those stocks and increased strategic crude oil inventories.

Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies
2. Achieving additional economic return by increasing crude oil production and export to the world market.
3. Methane production contributes to the strengthening of the gas industry and its use in industrial fields, including electricity production.
4. The addition of scientific human resources that interfere with the sciences of oil geology, reservoir engineering and chemical engineering for the sciences of the biology of the oil industry contributes to solving problems in the oil industry that require these disciplines to overlap 5. The research offers advanced technology that not only leaves CO 2 gas as a stock but also benefits from it by restoring depleted oil wells and turning it into another gas of economic value and benefiting from it in the industrial fields and through investment and cooperation with oil companies licenses within a program to adopt the method of utilizing its expertise in its wide application in the oil industry. 6. The application of these technologies in oil reservoirs contributes to improving the petrochemical specifications of the reservoir and increasing the reservoir pressure 7. Storage costs range from ($0.5-$8) per ton of injected CO 2 gas and the cost is significantly reduced if storage is accompanied by enhanced bio-oil production and conversion to MEOR methane .

Conclusions
The research found the following: 1. Obtaining a bacterial strain with the potential and ability to grow by the physical conditions of oil reservoirs (temperature, pressure, salinity) and its ability to convert CO 2 into methane.
2. The sex of these bacteria (BRS11 strain) will later be studied as a new species previously undiscovered.
3. This type of bacteria has proven to grow in saline content of between (1,172-67,000) mg per liter, unlike what was proven in scientific sources that the growth range in saline content is between (35,000-45,000) mg per liter.

4.
Enzymes are an indicator of the effectiveness of bacteria and that is why the area of peaks increases or decreases for GC readings.
5. Alternative energy production, since the main output is methane, which is one of the most important alternative energy sources for crude oil and is characterized by high-efficiency low-cost hydrocarbons that are low-emission polluting to the environment. It is also an important primary energy resource for the chemical industry and electricity production, methane is one of the most important alternative energy types and is an excellent type of environmentally friendly energy where this gas can be used for many purposes instead of oil, natural gas, coal and other traditional energy types.
6. Using CO 2 gas capture and catching technology eliminates method displacement Miscible CO 2 and pumps methane-producing bacteria that convert CO 2 into methane and recover residual crude oil as a result of increased reservoir pressure of the gas dome and the wells are ready to be re-produced with method is Miscible CO 2 displacement technology. We call this process the promotion of MEOR Bio-Oil Production.
Several objectives are achieved in that one of them when applying this technique is to eliminate CO 2 gas emissions in the atmosphere and to return depleted wells to production as a result of this process of enhancing oil production. Recovery Enhanced oil Microorganism (MEOR) [10]. From the foregoing, it is clear that the development of this technique is an advanced and advanced step in the field of scientific progress.