Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs
<p><strong>ISSN (print): 2220-5381</strong></p> <p><strong>ISSN (online): 2710-1096</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies (JPRS) is a <strong>peer-reviewed open-access scientific</strong> <strong>journal, </strong>published by Ministry of Oil/ Petroleum Research and Development Center (PRDC)/ Baghdad/ Iraq, under the regulations and standards of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first edition of the journal was published in August 2010, It aims at disseminating leading-edge knowledge and expertise in petroleum Indusrial topics to researchers, academic scientists, and postgraduate students. A double-blind peer-reviewing system is being used to assure the publication's quality.</span></p> <p>JPRS is published quarterly, artical of this journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International Public License CC-BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), which licensees arexing unrestrictly allowed to search, download, share, distribute, print, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing and reproduce any medium of the articles provided that they give the author(s) proper credits (citation).</p> <p>JPRS issued under the supervision of a group of professors and oil experts, as well as two professors who affiliated to University PLYMOUTH, (UK) and another is Consultant and Adjunct Faculty at the Colorado School of Mines and the University of Houston , (USA)</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The journal has excellent scientific level since first issued, evaluation techniques for researches and studies which followed aimed towards developed scientific and technical level. PRDC seeks to produce the journal in the best way because of the importance it represents in disseminating the scientific achievements in the oil sector as well as the research of students in the Ministry of higher Education and scientific research.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Concerned with publishing researches and studies related to the oil industry in the fields of:</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">- Petroleum Engineering</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">- Geological sciences</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">- Chemical Engineering</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">- Environment</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">- Oil Economy</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">- Renewable Energy. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The journal's website provides Open access and free in charge (download, publication) for authors, readers and institutions.</span></p>en-US[email protected] (shatha fadhil)[email protected] (shatha fadhil)Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300OJS 3.2.1.1http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss60Iraq Crude Oil Exports – July, August, September, October, November, December/ 2021
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/834
<p>Table 1. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – July 2021</p> <p>Table 2. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – August 2021</p> <p>Table 3. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – September 2021</p> <p>Table 4. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – October 2021</p> <p>Table 5. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – November 2021</p> <p>Table 6. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – December 2021</p>Ministry of Oil / Oil Marketing Company SOMO
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/834Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Integrated the Core Analysis Data, Image logs, and Conventional Logs to Understand the Reservoir Rock Type of the Mauddud Formation
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/756
<p>Inner ramp carbonates with dolomitic limestone make up the Late Albian Mauddud reservoir in Arabian plate. The age of the Mauddud Formation is Albian–Early Cenomanian, and it overlies the Nahr-Umr Formation and the Ahmadi Formation. The depositional environments range from subtidal to lagoon and shoal environments. The main goal of this study is to integrate all the available information to recognize different rock types within Mauddud reservoir. Due to the limited core available in Mauddud reservoir, the rock types have been identified mainly based on the Full-bore formation micro imager tool. The formation micro imager readings were compared and calibrated by available core data and conventional well logs (Density Neutron).<br />This study concludes that there are three rock types were recognized within Mauddud reservoir: The first rock type is grainstone, which is characterized by having relatively higher porosity and permeability than rock types one and two (porosity is more than 15 pu and permeability is more than 1 mD). The second rock type is wackestone to packstone with a porosity value of between 10% and 15% and a permeability range of 0.1–1 mD. This rock type image reflection generally shows mixed laminated and fine mottled size image facies that is shown in the lagoon environment. Finally, the third one is Cemented Wackestone and Packstone which is characterized by having low porosity and permeability (Φ<10%, perm<0.1 md). The image reflection of cemented wackestone and packstone is almost like a massive image reflection. This rock type usually reflects the intertidal environment.</p>Rafea A. Abdullah, Maysaa A. Abdulhameed, Maher J. Ismail, Ahmed Saadoon
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/756Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Geochemistry and Paleoredox Conditions of the Carbonate Reservoir Khasib Formation in East Baghdad Oilfield-Central Iraq
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/757
<p>The carbonate of Khasib Formation in East Baghdad Oilfield, Central Iraq was geochemically investigated to interpret paleoredox conditions and source of rare earth elements (REEs) based on major, trace, and REEs geochemistry. SiO2 and Al2O3 concentrations are nearly the same in both wells, while CaO content just hardly differs between the EB10 and EB81 cores. The EB10 Well has higher concentrations of Th, Y, and Zr than the EB81 Well. However, both the ∑REE of EB10 (1.969-35.35, n=23) and EB81 (9.59-24.88, n=20) wells have low total REE content. These results show that the Khasib Formation's carbonate sedimentation contains seawater-like marine carbonate and PAAS-normalized REE + Y patterns accompanied by 1- light REE depletion (NdN/YbN= 0.40–0.95, n=23, and 0.54–0.90, n=20, respectively), 2- both positive to negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*= 0.28-1.07, n=23; 0.39-1.76, n=20, respectively), as well as the 3-superchondritic Y/Ho ratio (23.25-57.5, n=23; 18.0-53.0, n=20, respectively). The terrigenous contribution, paleoredox conditions, and scavenging mechanisms were responsible for the observed variations in Ce components and Ce anomalies in the investigated cores. The rising U contents in the limestones (1.62-4.72 ppm) and authigenic U (0.66-4.44 ppm) indicate that dysoxic conditions were present when they were deposited. Further evidence from geochemical data suggests that diagenetic processes may be responsible for the positive Eu anomalies found in limestones. This implies that the Khasib Formation limestones may have kept their original seawater-like REE patterns. Due to trace amounts of detrital materials in certain specimens, there is identified variability in the REE + Y pattern and REE content. The current study shows that the limestones still display their original seawater-like patterns as long as shale contamination was minimal, and they act as a proxy for seawater.</p>Rana Abbas Ali
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/757Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Predicting The Azimuth of Stress from Wellbore Breakouts in (X) Oil Field
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/733
<p> The current minimum and maximum horizontal stresses orientations are influential parameters in the development of any Geomechanical model; these models aim to reduce wellbore instability and non-productive time during drilling by selecting the best wellbore direction when drilling inclined or horizontal wells. Minimum horizontal stress orientations can be established by examining wellbore breakouts. Borehole breakouts result from a natural failure compression process in which the maximum hoop stress surrounding the hole exceeds the rock strength, which may be detected using an oriented caliper log tool. There is no data in the World Stress Map (WSM) in the research area. As a result, data from 10 wells in the (X) oilfield's Oriented caliper well logs were analyzed for this study. The breakouts azimuth is consistent with depth, and the minimum horizontal stress azimuth from the north is 140o - 150o and 320o - 330o, which is compatible with the regional maximum horizontal stress direction (Shmax). As a result, the recommended drilling direction of deviated, and horizontal wells in the (X) oil field area should parallel the maximum horizontal stress. </p>Hussein S. Almalikee
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/733Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Uncertainty Assessment of Reservoir Modeling for Oilfield in the South of Iraq
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/739
<p>A reservoir is formed due to geologic deposition processes and is not created randomly. However, because of subsurface complexity and limited data, there are many uncertainties in reservoir characterization. Uncertainties can be reduced by gathering more data and/or employing improved technology and scientific methods. Under uncertainty and risk, uncertainty analysis should be performed for investigational analyses as well as decision-making. The main focus of uncertainty analysis in reservoir characterization and management should be to understand what needs to be known and what can be known. Therefore, there are several reservoir parameters’ uncertainties and their quantitative influence on cumulative oil production and water cut were studied.</p> <p>In this paper, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification were conducted for several parameters to study their effect on cumulative oil production. The Monte Carlo method was used to carry out the uncertainty quantification. In this study, we examined two methods which are the Monte Carlo simulation using a Reservoir simulator (MCRS) and the Monte Carlo simulation using a Proxy (MCP) to overcome the issue of the high number of simulation runs requirement and to reduce time consumption.</p> <p>The results showed that The MCP method is a very useful and powerful tool to conduct the uncertainty quantification than the MCRS because the MCP performs the objective function with extremely less time-consuming and very accurate and identical results compared to the results of the MCRS method. The results of uncertainty quantification for production forecast show there is a low risk due to the small gap difference between the P50 and P90. While the sensitivity analysis results showed that the oil-water-contact depth is the dominant parameter that affects cumulative oil production while porosity is the less influential parameter.</p>Mustafa Rashid, Sameera M. Hamd-Allah
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/739Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300The Optimum Production Management for Production Problems in Sadi Reservoir of Halfaya Oil Field
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/741
<p>Tight oil reservoirs suffer from a high decline in flow rates and instability of production rates, even after implementing the hydraulic fracturing technique to increase the production rate, but the problem still stands and needs to be overcome. This issue is found in the southeast of Iraq in the Halfaya oil field, especially in the Sadi formation.</p> <p>The goal of this study is to identify an optimum production rate for horizontal and vertical hydraulic fracturing wells using simulator software for prediction, in order to avoid highly depleted fracture storage capacity, which results from high production rates and depletion in flowing pressure. as well as to discuss the production behavior of the wells over their life cycles in the Sadi reservoir. In addition, we utilize a novel approach with production rates for horizontal hydraulic fracturing wells to reach a stable production rate.</p> <p>The results show that the production behavior of hydraulic fracturing wells is clear: producing at a high flow rate depletes the fluid potential of a fracture without providing a reservoir with an opportunity to compensate fluid into fracturing potential. In horizontal hydraulic fracturing wells, conducting an allowable flow rate that satisfied stability.</p> <p>We conclude a suitable flow rate has been identified to avoid high depletion rates and the plateau rate was different than that detected by the operator company, and we advise on future hydraulic fracture well development.</p>Ameer H. Hashim, Mohammed S. Al Jawad, Kassem A. Khlaty
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/741Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Corrosion Mechanism and Countermeasures in Oil Refineries - Comprehensive Review
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/707
<p>Due to the international economic growth reliance on petroleum, corrosion is a critical problem for refineries and it has attracted considerable attention in recent times. There is a plethora of knowledge on the prevention of corrosion in petroleum refineries, but it is distributed among several scholarly studies. Therefore, a comprehensive and current analysis of corrosion prevention in refineries is required. Corrosion issues at several refinery units are examined in this paper. In addition, the foundations of the corrosion issue and modern mitigation techniques, like refinery design, cathode safeguard, inhibitors, and covering protection, were investigated. Study concludes by pointing out knowledge gaps, collecting adequate data on refinery facility corrosion, and offering suggestions for future studies.</p>Mohammed R. Al_qasaab, Ghassan Wafee Hammoud, Jameel T. Al-Naffakh
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/707Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Dissimilar Metal Welding by Resistance Spot Welding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy /AISI 1006 Steel Using Zn and Sn Coating
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/750
<p>This study was conducted to investigate the effect of welding parameters, and coating type on the weldability between 6061 aluminum alloy and AISI 1006 steel joints welded by the resistance spot welding technique. The mechanical properties, microstructure, and corrosion resistance were evaluated. The experimental tests used to evaluate the welded joint properties included a tensile shear test, microhardness test, microstructure examination, Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, and corrosion resistance test. However, Tin and zinc coating was utilized to improve the weldability of the joint. As a result, it was found that the maximum shear force for the welded joint without coating is 2.7 KN and increased to 4.24 KN when the use of coatings. For the microstructure characterization, a brazing-like joint was observed in the welded area that consists of a resolidified molten aluminum inside the weld nugget bonded with heat affected steel. Intermetallic compounds (IMC) of Fe - Al were detected at the joint interface by EDS analysis causing microcracks at the joint interface. Furthermore, Vickers microhardness varied across the joint due to the impact of welding heat and pressure on the base metals. Maximum hardness value was recorded in the thermo mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) at the steel side and the nugget zone consisted of aluminum with enhanced hardness due to the effect of Intermetallic compounds. Regarding the corrosion resistance, it was revealed that with increasing welding current, the corrosion rate increases due to the rise in the size of heat affected zones and nugget zone.</p>Ammar Al-kinani, Muhaed Alali
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/750Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Preparation and Characterization of Metal Carbide Zeolite Composite Catalyst
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/737
<p>The object of present work is to synthesize metal carbide zeolite composite catalysts and discusses their characteristics. Metal carbide with zeolite composite was prepared in the present research. Molybdenum carbide was used as a metal carbide which was prepared by solid-state method with Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate and commercial activated carbon as raw materials. Ion exchanged method was used to add platinum to the HY zeolite. Modified Y zeolite was prepared by using ion exchanged method by mixing the HY zeolite with Cerium nitrate. After prepared Mo2C, PtHY zeolite, and CeY a formation process take place in order to form two catalysts the first one is Mo<sub>2</sub>C/PtHY-Zeolite, while the second one is Mo<sub>2</sub>C/CePtY zeolite. Tests such as X-Ray Diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were performed on both catalysts and the results were as follows for the molybdenum carbide the surface area was 1072 m<sup>2</sup>/g, with a pore volume of 0.541 m<sup>3</sup>, the TGA indicated that 19.58 wt% of the substance was lost, finally, the average particle size is 18.65 nm.</p> <p>For the Mo<sub>2</sub>C/PtHY-Zeolite catalyst, the BET surface area was 724.55 m<sup>2</sup>/g, then the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis resulted in 10% of the catalyst being lost, and lastly, the average crystal size was 33.45nm.</p> <p>Moreover, for Mo<sub>2</sub>C/CePtY catalyst, the BET surface area was 734.55 m<sup>2</sup>/g, then the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis resulted in 19% of the catalyst being lost, and the average crystal size was 40.43nm.</p>Ahmed N. Ahmed, Aysar T. Jarulah, Ban A. Ahmed Altabakh, Abdullah M. Ahmed, Hamin J. Mohammed
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/737Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Treatment of Contaminated Collected Wastwater at Petroleum Fuel Filling Stations for Using as Make Up Water for Cooling Tower in Petroleum Refineries
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/723
<p>The collection of washing wastewater (oily water) in petroleum service stations represents an environmental problem particularly after the introducing of cars washing stations to the petroleum station site. The generated water from washing and maintenance of the petroleum stations, rain water is collected in the storage tank. This water contains hydrocarbons and suspended solids with high organic load. Discarding this type of water to the water bodies like rivers without treatment causes increasing of pollution. This study aims to manage generated wastewater in petroleum service stations successfully by using methods keeping the source of water and protect the environment from the pollution. Alsmood and Alnaher petroleum stations which are located at the east of Baghdad were taken as case study. A mixed sample of wastewater from both two stations was prepared. The sample was fully tested to study the expected specifications of water.The mixed samle was underwent to many treatement stages(oil skimming,coagulation-flocculation, sand filteration).The oil concentration of the raw smixed sample was decreased from (5% , 50000mg/L) to 1mg/L . The turbidity value was reduced after filteration from 175 to 1.4 NTU and also the total suspended solids(TSS) was decreased from 272 mg/L to 4 mg/L. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) underwent reduction during wastewater treatment from 730 to 44 mg O2 /L . Badse on the research fndings,the proposed scenario to manage the watstewater is installing a wastewater (oily water) treatment plant with 100m3/day capacity next to Aldura refinery in Baghdad to treat the water for reusing application as a make-up water for the cooling towers.</p>Thabit A. Ahmed, Saba S. Ayob, Mohammed A. Shahatha, Shaymaa R. Khorsheed, Mohammed J. Mohammed
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/723Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300Legislative regulation of oil and gas facilities in Iraqi administrative law
https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/722
<p>In this study, we examined the comparative systems of countries known worldwide for their scientific, technical and administrative progress in the field of hydrocarbon resource exploitation, such as the Kingdom of Norway, the United Arab Emirates, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the State of Qatar. Distinguish between directing the oil policy, which must be carried out by a higher authority in the state, and managing oil operations, which represent the practical and executive side in the exploitation of gas and oil resources. As for managing oil revenues, which must be carried out independently and by an independent body. Each of these topics has its own management style.</p>Huda A. Alshamaa, Waleed M. Hamza
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https://jprs.gov.iq/index.php/jprs/article/view/722Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0300